Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense capacity of the body. Oxidative stress play a role in pathogenesis of various diseases such as neurogenerative diseases, ageing, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, liver disorders. Oxidative stress causes cell mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of misfolded proteins, inflammation, defects in protein clearance and cell death as a result of disease progression. Reactive oxygen species produce during energy reaction includes superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxide radical, singlet oxygen, nitric oxide, peroxy nitrite. These are highly reactive and are capable of damaging all types of biomolecules. Defense mechanisms against free radical induced oxidative stress include preventive mechanisms, repair mechanisms, physical defenses, and antioxidant defenses. Non-enzymatic antioxidants include ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E), glutathione, carotenoids, flavonoids, and other antioxidants. Antioxidant enzymes include superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione transferase. This review mainly focuses on oxidative stress, free radicals and antioxidant enzyme.
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